In order to understand how anti arrhythmic drugs we overview cardiomyocyte physiology. These drugs alter the flow of electrolytes to...

Postural hypotension, or a big drop in posture when standing up, can cause dizziness and may present a falls risk. Most often there is no...

Shortness of breath is a very common clinical presentation that has a range of possible causes. We consider system based differential...

Atrial fibrillation is an important cause of a funny heart rhythm and may present with palpitations, shortness and fatigue. However, it...

Deep vein thrombosis is a relatively common and potentially critical condition often seen in hospital and in the community. It can lead...

With increased rates of metabolic disease, peripheral vascular disease is becoming more and more of an issue in the community today. In...

Lower limb ulcers are a common issue that arises in individuals with poorly controlled metabolic disease, and requires attention in order...

Diuretics are one of the most commonly used classes of medication in both the hospital and primary care setting. While their primary use...

Anti coagulant are common medications that reduce the chance of clot formation. We explain the different options and why one patient may...

Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory condition that occurs typically 2-4 weeks after a streptococcal infection. It is a type II...

Bradycardia, or slow heart rate, is an important issue that may arise in patients already in hospital. Bradycardia could be normal or...

Fun fact: Sadly patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy may first "present" in cardiac arrest. Syncope or feeling faint is a very...

The cardiovascular examination is a common exam that you may be required to perform. It is often done not just to evaluate cardiological...

Congenital heart disease are embryological cardiac malformations that impact both the paediatric and adult population. They can be split...

Hypertension in pregnancy is an umbrella term that encompasses a few different conditions. All can have some detrimental impact on both...

Hypertension is one of the most common medical conditions in the world, and is often a lifestyle disease. It can have significant impacts...

Infective endocarditis is commonly a bacterial infection of the heart valves. It can affect previously damaged valves, such as from...

An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a trace of the electrical activity of the heart. Although ECGs can be notoriously difficult to interpret,...

A pulmonary embolism is a blood clot in the lungs. Usually it originates from a clot in the legs. Most pulmonary embolisms are resolved...

Aortic dissection is a serious presentation of chest pain, caused by a tear in the intimal layer of the aorta. It can lead to blood...