Foot and ankle injuries are extremely common presentations within musculoskeletal care. Symptoms can often be located in specific areas,...

Shortness of breath is a very common clinical presentation that has a range of possible causes. We consider system based differential...

Jaundice is a presentation with a variety of underlying causes, from the acute to the more chronic, the mild to the severe. As such, it...

Groin lumps are a common presentation, especially in the world of surgery. They lie on a spectrum from largely benign to potentially...

Vertigo is the feeling that the world is spinning. This form of dizziness is important to differentiate from other causes such as syncope...

Peripheral nerve lesions are a common cause of pain, weakness and/or sensory loss in the lower limb. This sheet summarises the causes,...

The abdominal physical examination is very common and can be used to detect underlying disease in a wide range of clinical presentations....

Fun fact: Sadly patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy may first "present" in cardiac arrest. Syncope or feeling faint is a very...

The cardiovascular examination is a common exam that you may be required to perform. It is often done not just to evaluate cardiological...

Osteoarthritis of the knee is a very common presentation of chronic joint pain. Despite this, there are many misconceptions about the...

The neurological exam is a complex exam that requires assessment of the upper and lower limb. We discuss the steps involved in a...

The respiratory physical examination must be mastered by medical students and medical officers. It is very common and is therefore...

Acute knee injuries can be some of the most costly injuries for many as they can lead to significant pain, disability and prolonged...

Lower back pain is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide, with a lifetime prevalence of over 80% in the adult general...

There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves that emerge directly from the brain and have motor and/or sensory functions. We overview the...

The cerebral cortex is divided into anatomical regions that serve different neurological functions. This sheet summarises the key brain...

Menorrhagia (or abnormal, heavy vaginal bleeding) can be very concerning for a patient. We have provided an approach to generate...

An abdominal mass is a common and important finding on physical examination. It is vital to be able to propose causes for this sign you...

Neck lumps are a common presentation to the GP or to the hospital. It carries a broad range of differentials, from thyroid causes to...

Abdominal pain is a very common presentation. There are many causes of abdominal pain, some that can be even fatal in the short to...