Dialysis is an important and lifesaving therapy with utility in both acute and chronic presentations. Here, we outline the indications...

Hyponatraemia is a topic that is famous for being loved by bosses on the ward and difficult to learn. If you spend 5 minutes studying...

Renal stones are a common cause of pain in the abdomen and groin. The pain can be severe, as can the consequences. We outline the...

Renal cell carcinoma is a serious cause of morbidity and mortality. It may be characterised by flank pain, haematuria and constitutional...

Nephrotic syndrome is kidney disorder characterised by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia and peripheral oedema. Patients may present with...

Haematuria, or blood in the urine, is a very concerning presentation for a patient. It is important to have a reliable structure to...