Endometrial cancer is an important gynaecological cancer. It must be excluded in any female presenting with post menopausal bleeding. We...

There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves that emerge directly from the brain and have motor and/or sensory functions. We overview the...

Although initially presenting with hyperthyroidism, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is an autoimmune cause of hypothyroidism. We provide the...

Renal stones are a common cause of pain in the abdomen and groin. The pain can be severe, as can the consequences. We outline the...

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a viral infection that attacks the body's immune system. If untreated, HIV can progress to Acquired...

Graves' disease is a common autoimmune disorder affecting the thyroid. It causes hyperthyroidism, the manifestations of which span body...

There are a range of antibiotics that are used to treat bacterial infections. We link the mechanism of action of common classes to the...

Shock is an acute and critical clinical presentation where blood flow to the body is compromised. It has short term consequences, as well...

The cerebral cortex is divided into anatomical regions that serve different neurological functions. This sheet summarises the key brain...

Inflammatory bowel disease is an important cause of abdominal pain and diarrhea. The two types of IBD are Crohn's disease and ulcerative...

Respiratory infections are a very common cause of morbidity in the paediatric population. Here, we summarise the key causes and...

Renal cell carcinoma is a serious cause of morbidity and mortality. It may be characterised by flank pain, haematuria and constitutional...

Gastroenteritis is a very common cause of abdominal pain. Most cases are self-limiting, but there can be severe cases with potential...

Testicular torsion is a medical emergency. It is the twisting of the spermatic cord and typically presents in young males. We explain the...

Pelvic Inflammatory disease occurs when an infection in the vagina spreads upwards. It is important to understand the causes, assessment...

Ectopic pregnancies are a serious cause of abdominal pain affecting 1-2% of women. They can proceed to potential rupture of the...

Appendicitis is a common cause of abdominal pain, particularly in children and adolescents, and is a medical emergency. As such, it is...

Nephrotic syndrome is kidney disorder characterised by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia and peripheral oedema. Patients may present with...

Bowel obstruction is a potentially fatal cause of abdominal pain. It is important to be able to differentiate the types of bowel...

We outline the important differential diagnoses to consider, when a child presents with constipation and why you may suspect one over the...